Should the government increase, maintain or reduce its aid to developing countries?

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[fr]
Les montants utilisés dans la formulation de cette question de sondage (posée trois fois par an depuis fin 2019) varient en fonction des périodes auxquelles cette question a été posée, mais aussi en fonction des quatre pays dans lesquels cette question a été simultanément posée.

En France, le pourcentage de l’APD mentionné dans cette question fait référence au Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB) de la France, tandis qu’en Allemagne, au Royaume-Uni et aux Etats-Unis, le pourcentage se réfère au budget de l’Etat. Si les montants de l’APD retenus respectivement pour les quatre pays sont corrects au sens de la définition retenue par l’OCDE, il est ici difficile de comparer les pourcentages que chacun des quatre pays du projet DEL consacre à l’APD. Seule la comparaison entre les tendances mesurées en faveur d’une augmentation, d’un maintien ou d’une diminution de l’APD peut être retenue.

{{France}}
– Mai 2019 : 0,43% du PIB de 2300 milliards, soit une APD de 10 milliards
– Septembre 2019 : 0,43% du PIB de 2500 milliards €, soit une APD de 11 milliards €
– Janvier 2020 : 0,43% du PIB de 2300 milliards €, soit une APD de 11 milliards €
– Février 2020 : 0,43% du PIB de 2300 milliards €, soit une APD de 11 milliards €
– Juin 2020 : 0,43% du PIB de 2300 milliards €, soit une APD de 11 milliards €
– Septembre 2020 : 0,44% du PIB de 2500 milliards €, soit une APD de 11 milliards €
– Janvier 2021 : 0,44% du PIB de 2300 milliards €, soit une APD de 11 milliards €
– Mai 2021 : 0,44% du PIB de 2500 milliards €, soit une APD de 11 milliards €
– Juin 2021 : 0,44% du PIB de 2300 milliards €, soit une APD de 11 milliards €
– Septembre 2021 : 0,53% du PIB de 2300 milliards €, soit une APD de 12,1 milliards €
– Janvier 2022 : 0,44% du PIB de 2300 milliards €, soit une APD de 11 milliards €
– Février 2022 : 0,53% du PIB de 2300 milliards €, soit une APD de 12,1 milliards €
– Juin 2022 : 0,44% du PIB de 2300 milliards €, soit une APD de 11 milliards €
– Septembre 2022 : 0,52% du PIB de 2500 milliards €, soit une APD de 13 milliards €
– Janvier 2023 : 0,52% du PIB de 2500 milliards €, soit une APD de 13 milliards €
– Février 2023 : 0,55% du PIB de 2500 milliards €, soit une APD de 15 milliards €
– Juin 2023 : 0,56% du PIB de 2714 milliards €, soit une APD de 15 milliards €
– Septembre 2023 : 0,56% du PIB de 2600 milliards €, soit une APD de 15 milliards €
– Janvier 2024 : 0,56% du PIB de 2600 milliards €, soit une APD de 15 milliards €

{{Allemagne}}
– Septembre 2019 : 3,5% du budget de l’Etat de 360 milliards €, soit une APD de 12,6 milliards €
– Janvier 2020 : 3,5% du budget de l’Etat de 360 milliards €, soit une APD de 12,6 milliards €
– Juin 2020 : 3,5% du budget de l’Etat de 360 milliards €, soit une APD de 12,6 milliards €
– Septembre 2020 : 3,5% du budget de l’Etat de 360 milliards €, soit une APD de 12,6 milliards €
– Janvier 2021 : 3,5% du budget de l’Etat de 360 milliards €, soit une APD de 12,6 milliards €
– Juin 2021 : 3,5% du budget de l’Etat de 360 milliards €, soit une APD de 12,6 milliards €
– Septembre 2021 : 4,9% du budget de l’Etat de 512 milliards €, soit une APD de 24,9 milliards €
– Janvier 2022 : 3,5% du budget de l’Etat de 360 milliards €, soit une APD de 12,6 milliards €
– Juin 2022 : 4,9% du budget de l’Etat de 512 milliards €, soit une APD de 24,9 milliards €
– Septembre 2022 : 4,9% du budget de l’Etat de 560 milliards €, soit une APD de 27,3 milliards €
– Janvier 2023 : 4,9% du budget de l’Etat de 560 milliards €, soit une APD de 27,3 milliards €
– Juin 2023 : 4,9% du budget de l’Etat de 560 milliards €, soit une APD de 27,3 milliards €
– Septembre 2023 : 5,5% du budget de l’Etat de 609 milliards €, soit une APD de 33,3 milliards €
– Janvier 2024 : 5,5% du budget de l’Etat de 609 milliards €, soit une APD de 33,3 milliards €

{{Royaume-Uni}}
– Septembre 2019 : 1,7% du budget de l’Etat de 810 milliards £, soit une APD de 14 milliards £
– Janvier 2020 : 1,7% du budget de l’Etat de 810 milliards £, soit une APD de 14 milliards £
– Juin 2020 : 1,7% du budget de l’Etat de 810 milliards £, soit une APD de 14 milliards £
– Septembre 2020 : 1,7% du budget de l’Etat de 810 milliards £, soit une APD de 14 milliards £
– Janvier 2021 : 1,7% du budget de l’Etat de 810 milliards £, soit une APD de 14 milliards £
– Juin 2021 : 1,7% du budget de l’Etat de 810 milliards £, soit une APD de 14 milliards £
– Septembre 2021 : 1% du budget de l’Etat de 1100 milliards £, soit une APD de 10,9 milliards £
– Janvier 2022 : 1,7% du budget de l’Etat de 810 milliards £, soit une APD de 14 milliards £
– Juin 2022 : 1% du budget de l’Etat de 1100 milliards £, soit une APD de 10,9 milliards £
– Septembre 2022 : 1,1% du budget de l’Etat de 1060 milliards £, soit une APD de 11,5 milliards £
– Janvier 2023 : 1,1% du budget de l’Etat de 1060 milliards £, soit une APD de 11,5 milliards £
– Juin 2023 : 1,1% du budget de l’Etat de 1060 milliards £, soit une APD de 11,5 milliards £
– Septembre 2023 : 1,1% du budget de l’Etat de 1155 milliards £, soit une APD de 13 milliards £
– Janvier 2024 : 1,1% du budget de l’Etat de 1155 milliards £, soit une APD de 12,8 milliards £

{{États-Unis}}
– Septembre 2019 : 0,8% du budget de l’Etat de 4,1 milliards $, soit une APD de 34 milliards $
– Janvier 2020 : 0,8% du budget de l’Etat de 4,1 milliards $, soit une APD de 34 milliards $
– Juin 2020 : 0,8% du budget de l’Etat de 4,1 milliards $, soit une APD de 34 milliards $
– Septembre 2020 : 0,8% du budget de l’Etat de 4,1 milliards $, soit une APD de 34 milliards $
– Janvier 2021 : 0,8% du budget de l’Etat de 4,1 milliards $, soit une APD de 34 milliards $
– Juin 2021 : 0,8% du budget de l’Etat de 4,1 milliards $, soit une APD de 34 milliards $
– Septembre 2021 : 0,5% du budget de l’Etat de 6,6 milliards $, soit une APD de 35 milliards $
– Janvier 2022 : 0,5% du budget de l’Etat de 6,8 milliards $, soit une APD de 35 milliards $
– Juin 2022 : 0,8% du budget de l’Etat de 4,1 milliards $, soit une APD de 34 milliards $
– Septembre 2022 : 0,5% du budget de l’Etat de 6,8 milliards $, soit une APD de 35 milliards $
– Janvier 2023 : 0,6% du budget de l’Etat de 4,1 milliards $, soit une APD de 42 milliards $
– Juin 2023 : 0,6% du budget de l’Etat de 4,1 milliards $, soit une APD de 42 milliards $
– Septembre 2023 : 0,9% du budget de l’Etat de 6,3 milliards $, soit une APD de 55 milliards $
– Janvier 2024 : 0,9% du budget de l’Etat de 6,3 milliards $, soit une APD de 55 milliards $

[en]
The amounts which have been used in this survey question (asked three times a year since the end of 2019) are country specific, meaning they might vary according to the periods the survey was conducted.

In France, the percentage of ODA this survey question refers to is the French Gross Domestic Product (GDP), while in Germany, in the UK and in the USA, the percentages refer to the national State budget. This means that if the ODA amounts which have been used for the four countries in this survey rely to the OECD definition, it is difficult to compare the percentages that each of the four DEL’s countries devotes to ODA. Only a comparison between measured trends in favour of increasing, maintaining or decreasing ODA are relevant.

{{France}}
– May 2019: 0.43% of 2,300 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of 10 billion
– September 2019: 0.43% of €2,500 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €11 billion
– January 2020: 0.43% of €2,300 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €11 billion
– February 2020: 0.43% of €2,300 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €11 billion
– June 2020: 0.43% of €2,300 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €11 billion
– September 2020: 0.44% of €2,500 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €11 billion
– January 2021: 0.44% of €2,300 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €11 billion
– May 2021: 0.44% of €2,500 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €11 billion
– June 2021: 0.44% of €2,300 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €11 billion
– September 2021: 0.53% of €2,300 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €12.1 billion
– January 2022: 0.44% of €2,300 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €11 billion
– February 2022: 0.53% of €2,300 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €12,1 billion
– June 2022: 0.44% of €2,300 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €11 billion
– September 2022: 0.52% of €2,500 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €13 billion
– January 2023: 0.52% of €2,500 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €13 billion
– February 2023: 0,55% of €2,500 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €15 billion
– June 2023: 0.56% of €2,714 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €15 billion
– September 2023: 0.56% of €2,600 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €15 billion
– January 2024: 0.56% of €2,600 billion GDP, i.e. ODA of €15 billion

{{Germany}}
– September 2019: 3,5% of the national State budget (€360 billion), ie. ODA of €12,6 billion
– January 2020: 3,5% of the national State budget (€360 billion), ie. ODA of €12,6 billion
– June 2020: 3,5% of the national State budget (€360 billion), ie. ODA of €12,6 billion
– September 2020: 3,5% of the national State budget (€360 billion), ie. ODA of €12,6 billion
– January 2021: 3,5% of the national State budget (€360 billion), ie. ODA of €12,6 billion
– June 2021: 3,5% of the national State budget (€360 billion), ie. ODA of €12,6 billion
– September 2021: 4,9% of the national State budget (€512 billion), ie. ODA of €24,9 billion
– January 2022: 3,5% of the national State budget (€360 billion), ie. ODA of €12,6 billion
– June 2022: 4,9% of the national State budget (€512 billion), ie. ODA of €24,9 billion
– September 2022: 4,9% of the national State budget (€560 billion), ie. ODA of €27,3 billion
– January 2023: 4,9% of the national State budget (€560 milliards €, soit une APD de 27,3 billion
– June 2023: 4,9% of the national State budget (€560 milliards €, soit une APD de 27,3 billion
– September 2023: 5,5% of the national State budget (€609 billion), ie. ODA of €33,3 billion
– January 2024: 5,5% of the national State budget (€609 billion), ie. ODA of €33,3 billion

{{United Kingdom}}
– September 2019: 1,7% of the national State budget (£810 billion), ie. ODA of £14 billion
– January 2020: 1,7% of the national State budget (£810 billion), ie. ODA of £14 billion
– June 2020: 1,7% of the national State budget (£810 billion), ie. ODA of £14 billion
– September 2020: 1,7% of the national State budget (£810 billion), ie. ODA of £14 billion
– January 2021: 1,7% of the national State budget (£810 billion), ie. ODA of £14 billion
– June 2021: 1,7% of the national State budget (£810 billion), ie. ODA of £14 billion
– September 2021: 1% of the national State budget (£1100 billion), ie. ODA of £10,9 billion
– January 2022: 1,7% of the national State budget (£810 billion), ie. ODA of £14 billion
– June 2022: 1% of the national State budget (£1100 billion), ie. ODA of £10,9 billion
– September 2022: 1,1% of the national State budget (£1060 billion), ie. ODA of £11,5 billion
– January 2023: 1,1% of the national State budget (£1060 billion), ie. ODA of £11,5 billion
– June 2023: 1,1% of the national State budget (£1060 billion), ie. ODA of £11,5 billion
– September 2023: 1,1% of the national State budget (£1155 billion), ie. ODA of £13 billion
– January 2024: 1,1% of the national State budget (£1155 billion), ie. ODA of £12,8 billion

{{United States}}
– September 2019: 0,8% of the national State budget ($ 4,1 trillion), ie. ODA of billion
– January 2020: 0,8% of the national State budget (,1 trillion), ie. ODA of billion
– June 2020: 0,8% of the national State budget (,1 trillion), ie. ODA of billion
– September 2020: 0,8% of the national State budget ($ 4,1 trillion), ie. ODA of billion
– January 2021: 0,8% of the national State budget ($ 4,1 trillion), ie. ODA of billion
– June 2021: 0,8% of the national State budget (,1 trillion), ie. ODA of billion
– September 2021: 0,5% of the national State budget (,6 trillion), ie. ODA of billion
– January 2022: 0,5% of the national State budget (,8 trillion), ie. ODA of billion
– June 2022: 0,8% of the national State budget (,1 trillion), ie. ODA of billion
– September 2022: 0,5% of the national State budget (,8 trillion), ie. ODA of billion
– January 2023: 0,6% of the national State budget (,1 trillion), ie. ODA of billion
– June 2023: 0,6% of the national State budget (,1 trillion), ie. ODA of billion
– September 2023: 0,9% of the national State budget (,3 trillion), ie. ODA of billion
– January 2024: 0,9% of the national State budget (,3 trillion), ie. ODA of billion

Segmentation according to political orientation and voting in national elections

In the four countries surveyed, respondents were all asked to indicate their political orientation by sliding a cursor on a scale ranging from the “far left” to the “far right.”

France

• Breakdown based on the first round of the presidential election, taking into account the three candidates who received the highest number of votes:
  • Mélenchon (Jean Luc): left-wing – radical left-wing
  • Macron (Emmanuel): center-left – center – center-right
  • Le Pen (Marine): far right

Germany

• Distribution according to votes cast in federal elections, based on the three candidates/parties with the highest scores:
  • SPD: left-wing – social democrat/center-left
  • CDU/CSU: center-right – right-wing
  • AFD: far right

United Kingdom

• Breakdown based on votes in general elections, taking into account the three parties with the highest scores:
  • Labour: radical left – left
  • Lib Dems: liberals (social democrats-center/center-right)
  • Conservatives: right

United States

• Distribution according to the presidential election vote, selecting the two leading candidates:
  • Clinton (Hillary) or Biden (Joe): Democratic Party (left-center)
  • Trump (Donald): Republican Party (right-far right)

For more details on the methodology of the Development Engagement Lab (DEL) research project, see HERE

Information on the methodology of the Development Engagement Lab (DEL) research project

The Development Engagement Lab (DEL) quantitative research project

Designed as the second phase of the previous survey, Aid Attitudes Tracker (AAT, 2013-18), the Development Engagement Lab (DEL, 2019-2023) is a research project that aims to measure and analyze how and why citizens engage with development issues around the world. By “development,” refers not only to the development of poor countries, but also to the Sustainable Development Goals.

DEL will run for five years, from 2019 to 2023, and is based on mainly quantitative survey data on the opinions, feelings, values, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the public in four countries: France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

DEL is used to inform the communication and influence strategies of development actors (development NGOs, foundations, think tanks, ministries, and public institutions, etc.), by providing a better understanding of citizens.

In France, DEL is supported by Focus 2030, which is responsible for co-developing the content of the various phases of the survey, then analyzing and disseminating the data collected as part of the study. This may include data concerning France, but also comparative analyses with the three other countries (the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States) covered by DEL.

DEL is led by Professor Jennifer Hudson of University College London and Professor David Hudson of the University of Birmingham. This project, led by UCL and Birmingham University, is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

The DEL project is based on three different types of survey:

• The Tracker: to measure changes in responses in the four DEL countries (France, United Kingdom, Germany, United States). Ten identical questions are asked three times a year for five years to a sample of approximately 1,000 respondents, and once a year to a sample of approximately 6,000 respondents.
• The Sandbox: to measure opinions on topics specific to each of the four countries covered by DEL (in this case, France). Thirty questions, which are renewed with each survey, are asked twice a year to a sample of approximately 2,000 respondents.
• The Panel: to measure opinions on topics common to the four DEL countries (France, United Kingdom, Germany, United States). 60 questions, renewed for each panel, are asked once a year to a sample of approximately 6,000 respondents (8,000 for the United Kingdom).

YouGov: the polling institute responsible for the AAT and DEL surveys

The two surveys, Aid Attitudes Tracker (AAT, 2013-18) and Development Engagement Lab (DEL, 2019-2023), are conducted by the polling institute YouGov in the four countries covered by the study: France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

YouGov is a market research firm founded in 2000 in the United Kingdom, with 31 offices in 21 countries, including France since November 2011. YouGov has a panel of 5 million people across 28 countries, of all ages, genders, and socioeconomic groups. This panel makes it possible to build representative samples of national populations. In France, the YouGov panel includes nearly 175,000 people.

Survey Method

YouGov conducts its online surveys using a system called “active sampling” for the vast majority of its activities, including all national and regional research activities. The focus is always on sample quality rather than the number of respondents.

When using “active sampling,” restrictions are put in place to ensure that only those who are contacted are allowed to participate. This means that all individuals who respond to YouGov surveys are selected by YouGov from its panel of registered respondents, and only those selected from this panel are allowed to participate in the survey.

To represent the French population using the quota method, YouGov relies on socio-demographic data collected and published by INSEE.

The sample used in each wave of the survey takes into account the following socio-demographic categories:

• age
• gender
• region of residence
• annual income level
• level of education

Panel members are recruited from various sources, including traditional advertising and strategic partnerships organized across a wide range of websites.

Who are the respondents who participate in YouGov surveys?

When a new respondent is recruited to the panel, a range of socio-demographic information is recorded from a survey. Respondents recruited to a panel are given a username and password; they can only respond to each online survey once.

(More details on the socio-demographic profiles of respondents are provided below.)

Data analysis

Once the survey is complete, the final data is then statistically weighted according to the national profile of all adults aged 18 and over (including those without internet access). Weighting is carried out by age, gender, social class, region, level of education, respondents’ votes in previous elections, and political orientation.

Active sampling ensures that the right respondents are represented in the right proportions. Combined with statistical weighting, this sampling guarantees results that are representative of the entire population of the country in question (including those without internet access).

Presentation of results

The results are presented as a percentage of responses calculated in relation to the representative sample of the adult population in each of the four countries in which the DEL surveys are conducted.

For questions with a response scale of 0 to 10, responses are presented using the following grouping: sum of 0 to 3 – sum of 4 to 6 – sum of 7 to 10.

Remuneration for online surveys

By responding to surveys on YouGov, users earn “YouGov points.” Depending on the size of the survey, participating in 10 or 15 different surveys earns approximately 400 points. 5,000 points are worth approximately €56 (£50). You must reach a minimum of 5,000 points before you can expect to receive any remuneration.

Margin of error

The margin of error used for DEL surveys (between 2,000 and 6,000 respondents) is ± 2%.

To contact DEL

Write to [email protected]